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@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ The general characteristics in common for all pulses are the DC voltage $U_A$, t
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An important observation is that the definition of the surge voltage, $U_s$, differs in ISO~7637 and ISO~16750 as depicted in \autoref{fig:loadDumpTestA}.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Test pulse 1}
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This pulse simulates the event of the power supply being disconnected while the DUT is connected to other inductive loads. The other inductive loads will generate a voltage transient of reversed polarity onto the DUT's supply lines.
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@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ In the standard there are two additional timings associated to this pulse, $t_2$
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\label{tab:pulse1}
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\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Test pulse 2a}
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This pulse simulates the event of a load, parallel to the DUT, being disconnected. The inductance in the wiring harness will then generate a positive voltage transient on the DUT's supply lines. distinguishable when seen on a oscilloscope.
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@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ This pulse simulates the event of a load, parallel to the DUT, being disconnecte
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\label{tab:pulse2a}
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\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Test pulse 3a and 3b}
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Test pulse 3a and 3b simulates transients ``which occur as a result of the switching process'' as stated in the standard \cite{iso_7637_2}. The formulation is not very clear, but is interperted and explained by Frazier and Alles \cite{comparison_iso_7637_real_world} to be the result of a mechanical switch breaking an inductive load. These transients are very short, compared to the other pulses, and the repetition time is very short. The pulses are sent in bursts, grouping a number of pulses together and separating groups by a fixed time.
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@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ These pulses contain high frequency components, up to 100~MHz, and special care
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\label{tab:pulse3}
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\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Load dump Test A}
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The Load dump Test A simulates the event of disconnecting a battery that is charged by the vehicles alternator, the current that the alternator is driving will give rise to a long voltage transient.
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@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ Prior to 2011, the Load dump Test A was part of the ISO~7637-2 standard under th
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\label{tab:loadDumpTestA}
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\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Application of test pulses}
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During a test, the nominal voltage is first applied between the plus and minus terminal of the DUT's power supply input by the test equipment. Then a series of test pulses are applied between the same terminals. The pulses are repeated at specified intervals, $t_1$, as depicted in \autoref{fig:doubleexprep}.
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@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ An example of how a test pulse can be applied by the test equipment is depicted
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\label{fig:test_equipment_setup}
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\end{figure}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Verification}
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The test pulses are to be verified before they are applied to the DUT. The voltage levels and the timings are to be measured both without any load, and with a matched load, $R_L$ = $R_i$, attached. The standard omits the rise time constraint when the load is attached, except for pulse 3a and 3b. \cite{iso_7637_2}
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@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ Chapter 3.1.6 \cite{theCircuitDesignersCompanion}
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\section{Measurement}
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There are several measurement methods needed during the project. To verify the test pulses, voltage has to be measured over time. To verify the dummy loads, resistance has to be measured. To verify the attenuators, their magnitude response has to be measured. This chapter describes the necessary measurement theory required for this project.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Resistance}
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To measure resistance, a current is fed through the resistor and the resulting voltage is measured to calculate the resistance using ohms law. This is typically carried out using a multimeter and two probe wires connecting to each terminal of the resistor. When measuring very low valued resistors, however, the resistance in the probe wires can be significant in relation to the resistor measured and will affect the accuracy. One way of overcoming this is to perform a 4-wire measurement using a so called \emph{Kelvin connection}. In this method the current that is fed through the resistor using one pair of wire, and the resulting voltage is measured at the desired point using another pair according to \autoref{fig:kelvin_measurement}.\cite{theCircuitDesignersCompanion}
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@@ -351,13 +351,13 @@ To measure resistance, a current is fed through the resistor and the resulting v
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\label{fig:kelvin_measurement}
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\end{figure}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{High Voltage}
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The highest voltage that can be generated by the pulse generators is 1500~V, which is higher than any of the standards require but will serve as the design goal for the verification equipment. This is a higher voltage than most acquisition devices can measure without the use of external attenuators \cite{source}.
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Resistive attenuators.. \todo[fyll på]
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Oscilloscopes, bandwidth, rise time and probes}
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When using an oscilloscope to measure voltage over time, there are several limiting factors to how fast signals one can measure. The oscilloscope itself has a specified bandwidth, as do the probe and any attenuators used. All of these combined determine how short rise times that can be measured accurately. The rise time of the measured will be affected by these properties and the rise time displayed on the oscilloscope screen will be approximately according to \autoref{equ:riseComposite}, where $T_N$ is the \SIrange{10}{90}{\percent} rise time limit for each part in the chain. \cite{highSpeedDigitalDesign}
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@@ -373,15 +373,11 @@ Since \autoref{equ:riseComposite} is based on the rise time limitation but the s
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T_{10-90} = \frac{0.338}{F_{ \SI{3}{\deci\bel}}}
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\end{equation}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{Measurement errors}
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-\todo[Put good theory here]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{RF Attenuators}
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Linearity, tolerances, power, combinations of resistors, impedances
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Tolerances and maximum ratings}
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Resistors, Power, Voltages, surges,
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Relays, isolation, dielectric strength
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@@ -390,7 +386,7 @@ Relays, isolation, dielectric strength
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\section{Analysis}
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The data points from the measurement must be processed and evaluated to determine if the measured pulse is within the specified limits.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Mathematical description}
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All of the test pulses applied to the vehicle equipment can individually be described mathematically by variations of the double exponential function shown in \autoref{eq:doubleexp} and \autoref{fig:doubleexp}. The properties of interest, the ones which are specified in the standards, are the surge voltage $ U_s $, the rise time $ t_r $, the duration $ t_d $ and the repetition time $ t_1 $. \cite{iso_7637_2}
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@@ -399,28 +395,7 @@ All of the test pulses applied to the vehicle equipment can individually be desc
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\label{eq:doubleexp}
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\end{equation}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{What is good}
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-\label{sec:goodness}
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-\todo[Någonting om vad som anses bra]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{Curve fitting?}
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-\todo[Läs på om ämnet och se ifall det kan vara rimligt]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{Max/min limits?}
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-\todo[Användandet av max/min-fönster]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{Parameter extraction?}
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-\todo[Detta är nog ett påhittat ord, kanske menar jag curve fitting?]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-\subsection{Evaluation/simulation/robustness}
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-\todo[Jämför och evaluera de två eller tre metoderna med hänseende till vad som står i ``goodness'']
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-
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-----
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+It is not in the scope of this report to actually fit this function to the measured pulse, and further analyze it.
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\squareit{
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Essentially an embedded high voltage probe.
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@@ -475,61 +450,106 @@ On the Design and Generation of the Double Exponential Function S. C. Dutta
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\section{Instrumentation and control}
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The following chapter describes the different instruments that were used, and their control interfaces.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{GPIB}
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-IEEE-488, or GPIB which it is often called, is a parallel bus interface. It is mainly used to interconnect lab instrumentation such as multimeters, signal generators and spectrum analyzers.
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-\todo[fyll på och hitta källor, lägg in bild på interface]
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+IEEE-488, or GPIB which it is often called, is a parallel bus interface. It is mainly used to interconnect lab instrumentation such as multimeters, signal generators and spectrum analyzers.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Tektronix TDS7104 Oscilloscope}
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-The oscilloscope that is available is a Tektronix TDS7104, with specifications as seen in \autoref{tab:tds7104}. It has GPIB interface and TekVISA GPIB, an API for sending GPIB commands over ethernet, available for remote control.
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+The oscilloscope that is available is a Tektronix TDS7104, with specifications as seen in \autoref{tab:tds7104}. It has GPIB interface and TekVISA GPIB, an API for sending GPIB commands over ethernet, available for remote control.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+\subsection{xxxxx Isolated differential probe}
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+\label{sec:hv-diff-probe}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{EM Test MPG 200 Micropulse generator}
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-The MPG~200 is used to generate \emph{Test pulse 1} and \emph{2a}. MPG is an abbreviation for \emph{MicroPulse Generator}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~7637:1990 standard.
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+The MPG~200 is used to generate \emph{Test pulse 1} and \emph{2a}. MPG is an abbreviation for \emph{MicroPulse Generator}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~7637:1990 standard. The adjustable parameter ranges are shown in \autoref{tab:mpg200_specs}.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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+\begin{table}[H]
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+ \caption{Adjustable parameters in the MPG 200}
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+\begin{adjustbox}{center}
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+ %\centering
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+ \begin{tabular}{|l|r|}
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+ \hline
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+ Parameter & Range \\
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+ \hline
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+ $U_S$ & \SIrange{20}{600}{\volt} \\
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+ $U_S$ polarity & +, - \\
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+ $R_s$ & \SIlist{2;4;10;20;30;50}{\ohm} \\
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+ $t_1$ & \SIrange{0.2}{99.0}{\second} \\
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+ $t_2$ & \SIrange{0}{10}{\second} \\
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+ \hline
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+ \end{tabular}
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+\end{adjustbox}
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+ \label{tab:mpg200_specs}
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+\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{EM Test EFT 200 Burst generator}
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-The EFT~200 is used to generate \emph{Test pulse 3a} and \emph{3b}. EFT is an abbreviation for \emph{Electrical Fast Transient}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~7637:1990 standard.
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+The EFT~200 is used to generate \emph{Test pulse 3a} and \emph{3b}. EFT is an abbreviation for \emph{Electrical Fast Transient}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~7637:1990 standard. The adjustable parameter ranges are shown in \autoref{tab:eft200_specs}.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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+\begin{table}[H]
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+ \caption{Adjustable parameters in the EFT 200}
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+\begin{adjustbox}{center}
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+ %\centering
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+ \begin{tabular}{|l|r|}
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+ \hline
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+ Parameter & Range \\
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+ \hline
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+ $U_S$ & \SIrange{25}{1500}{\volt} \\
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+ $U_S$ polarity & +, - \\
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+ Coupling & any combination of +, - and GND \\
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+ \hline
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+ \end{tabular}
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+\end{adjustbox}
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+ \label{tab:eft200_specs}
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+\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{EM Test LD 200 Load dump}
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-The LD~200 is used to generate \emph{Load dump Test A}. LD is an abbreviation for \emph{Load Dump}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~16750:2012 standard.
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+The LD~200 is used to generate \emph{Load dump Test A}. LD is an abbreviation for \emph{Load Dump}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~16750:2012 standard. The adjustable parameter ranges are shown in \autoref{tab:ld200_specs}.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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+\begin{table}[H]
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+ \caption{Adjustable parameters in the LD 200}
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+\begin{adjustbox}{center}
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+ %\centering
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+ \begin{tabular}{|l|r|}
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+ \hline
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+ Parameter & Range \\
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+ \hline
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+ $U_S$ & \SIrange{20}{200}{\volt} \\
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+ $R_s$ & \SIlist{0.5;1;2;10}{\ohm} \\
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+ $t_d$ & \SIrange{50}{400}{\milli\second} \\
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+ \hline
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+ \end{tabular}
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+\end{adjustbox}
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+ \label{tab:ld200_specs}
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+\end{table}
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{EM Test CNA 200 Coupling Network}
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-The SNA~200 is a coupling network, used to multiplex the pulse generators into one box. It contains several relays to select the appropriate generator output. The SNA~200 has one interface for each pulse generator, but no interface for a computer. It is automatically controlled by the pulse generators.
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+The SNA~200 is a coupling network used to multiplex the pulse generators outputs. It contains several relays to select the appropriate generator output. The SNA~200 has one interface for each pulse generator, but no interface for a computer. It is automatically controlled by the pulse generators.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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+This allows the DUT to be connected only to the SNA~200 and not to each individual pulse generator. \autoref{fig:test_setup_cna_dut} shows the connections between the instruments in this setup.
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+There is also a coaxial connection for calibration of pulse 3a and pulse 3b on the front panel.
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+
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+\begin{figure}[H]
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+ %\captionsetup{width=.5\linewidth}
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+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{test setup pulse injection}
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+ \caption{The CNA~200 allows each pusle generator to output their pulses through a common interface towards the DUT.}
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+ \label{fig:test_setup_cna_dut}
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+\end{figure}
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+
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+
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Rohde \& Schwarz ZVL13}
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\label{sec:rohde_schwarz_zvl}
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The ZVL13 is a vector network analyzer. It is, in this project, used to measure the magnitude and phase response between its two ports.
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-\todo[Lägg in bild på utrustning, och tabell med data]
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{PAT 50 and PAT 1000}
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-\label{theory_pat_attenuators}
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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-%%% lorem.tex ends here
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+\label{sec:hv-attenuators}
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+\todo[Skriv någonting här!]
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-%%% Local Variables:
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-%%% mode: latex
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-%%% TeX-master: "demothesis"
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-%%% End:
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Jonatan Gezelius
