Fixat ytterligare punkter. Börjat försöka plotta grafer i samma figurer.

opponering/kommentarer på mitt/kommentarer på kommentarer.txt

@@ -1,25 +1,31 @@
 
-* Jag kallar Test pulse 1 annorlunda?
-	Använt versaler annorlunda. Det är inget speciellt med ordet, så tar bort versal när den inte står i början av mening.
-
-* Fixa ihop tabeller och figurer för pulser
 
-* Isolated differential probe
+* Fixa ihop tabeller och figurer för pulser (BLÄÄÄÄ)
 
-* 3.3 1k = inf
+* 3.3 1k = inf (Hjääälp!)
 
 * Figure 3.8 ??
 
 * Sprid ut figur 3.9
 
 * Figure 3.10
-  isolation != insulation
+  isolation != insulation???
+  
+* Figur 4.5 & 4.6
+	Olika Y-skala
+	Fel avstavning i figurtext?
+	
+Tydligare figurer i resultat
 
 ==== Behandlat
 * Publiceringsdatum?
+* Isolated differential probe
 * S21 som S_21? (Figur 4.9-4.11)
 * Disturbance är det ord som används i standarden
 * Allt var fel i tabell 2.5, copy-pastefel. Fixat.
 * Saknar referens till vishay i 2.5. Flyttat referensen till första förekomsten.
 * formel 2.2. Jag förstår inte härledningen :)
 * Fixat legend till figurerna med kablar
+* Table 4.2 footnote space
+* Jag kallar Test pulse 1 annorlunda?
+	Använt versaler annorlunda. Det är inget speciellt med ordet, så tar bort versal när den inte står i början av mening.

python/plotlinlog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from numpy import genfromtxt
+
+my_data = genfromtxt('sampledata.csv', delimiter=',')
+
+

python/sampledata.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# Version 1.00
+#
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+1.043491243602723E+008,-7.765440386720002E-004,-1.325090390981138E-003,
+1.097040716102801E+008,-9.663080563768745E-004,-8.996353190062626E-004,
+1.153338219333962E+008,-9.310171008110046E-004,-5.450535076848497E-004,
+1.212524775654531E+008,-5.455989739857614E-004,-3.761493728804694E-004,
+1.274748644352653E+008,-7.862742641009390E-004,-4.521775364418473E-004,
+1.340165693028207E+008,-7.745366310700774E-004,-3.133646363291426E-004,
+1.408939788033152E+008,-6.972540286369622E-004,-3.978309120882150E-004,
+1.481243204948332E+008,-1.042308635078371E-003,-4.028752345429309E-004,
+1.557257060124971E+008,-1.104437629692257E-003,3.390392071734731E-005,
+1.637171764371845E+008,-1.196565455757082E-003,5.385880164930169E-004,
+1.721187499924593E+008,-1.983214169740677E-003,1.445240462997180E-004,
+1.809514721891949E+008,-1.725570182316005E-003,6.965212269728386E-003,
+1.902374685434997E+008,3.603850724175572E-003,-4.205885263107147E-004,
+2.000000000000000E+008,1.839409000240266E-003,-8.241711928249740E-004,

rapport/conclusion.tex

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 \label{cha:conclusion}
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-The main goal of this thesis was to examine the potential of reusing old test equipment with newer standards and how to assure that the results are reliable. A method to verify the test equipment according to the latest standard was suggested in this thesis and some considerations for automating this procedure was made. A dummy load was developed and good enough to be used for verification. The verification system was not completed and the high frequency attenuators did not perform well enough to be used in their current form.
+The main goal of this thesis was to examine the potential of reusing old test equipment with newer standards and how to assure that the results are reliable. A method to verify the test equipment according to the latest standard was suggested in this thesis and some considerations for automating this procedure was made. A dummy load was developed and found good enough to be used for verification. The verification system was not completed and the high frequency attenuators did not perform well enough to be used in their current form.
 
 \section{Research questions}
 The answers to the research questions are here answered based on the results of the project.

rapport/discussion.tex

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The old and the new standards proved to be very similar. This was not entirely u
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Examination and initial measurement of the old equipment}
-As can be seen in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements} and \autoref{tab:initial_measurements_cna}, some values exceeded the limits (marked in red). Three of these values even exceeds the old standard's limits, thus indicating that the equipment should probably be usable with the new standard after some service or calibration. With this in mind, the course of the project was targeted towards the design of an automated verification system. With such a verification equipment at hand, the calibration of the generators might be easier to perform as well.
+As can be seen in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements} and \autoref{tab:initial_measurements_cna}, some values exceeded the limits (marked in red). Three of these values even exceeds the old standard's limits which indicates the equipment needs service and calibration, after which it hopefully will be usable with the new standard as well. With this in mind, the course of the project was targeted towards the design of an automated verification system. With such a verification equipment at hand, the calibration of the generators might be easier to perform as well.
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Test architecture}
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ The usage of the energy curve in the datasheet might have been wrong. In this wo
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Design of attenuators}
 \label{discussion_attenuators}
-During the project, the attenuation was considered as the voltage attenuation \mbox{$att = 20 \times log_{10}\left( \frac{V_{in}}{V_{out}} \right)  \si{\deci\bel}$}. However, the online calculator used was using power attenuation \mbox{$att = 10 \times log_{10}\left( \frac{P_{in}}{P_{out}} \right)  \si{\deci\bel}$}. The two different ways of expressing attenuation will give the same result if the input impedance is equal to the output impedance. The derived expression seen in \autoref{equ:db-calc}. So to use the online calulator for the \SI{1000}{\ohm} attenuator one would have to specify that you want $\SI{60.1}{\deci\bel}+10 \times log_{10} \left( \frac{50}{1000} \right) \approx \SI{47.1}{\deci\bel}$. However, this was not known at the time and the values were tweaked manually in LTSpice until the desired attenuation was achieved, but the output impedance was not considered during the tweaking and thereby ended up being a bit mismatched for the next $\Pi$ link.
+During the project, the attenuation was considered as the voltage attenuation \mbox{$att = 20 \cdot log_{10}\left( \frac{V_{in}}{V_{out}} \right)  \si{\deci\bel}$}. However, the online calculator used was using power attenuation \mbox{$att = 10 \cdot log_{10}\left( \frac{P_{in}}{P_{out}} \right)  \si{\deci\bel}$}. The two different ways of expressing attenuation will give the same result if the input impedance is equal to the output impedance. The derived expression seen in \autoref{equ:db-calc}. So to use the online calulator for the \SI{1000}{\ohm} attenuator one would have to specify that you want $\SI{60.1}{\deci\bel}+10 \cdot log_{10} \left( \frac{50}{1000} \right) \approx \SI{47.1}{\deci\bel}$. However, this was not known at the time and the values were tweaked manually in LTSpice until the desired attenuation was achieved, but the output impedance was not considered during the tweaking and thereby ended up being a bit mismatched for the next $\Pi$ link.
 
 \begin{equation}
 \begin{split}
 \label{equ:db-calc}
-Power~attenuation = 10 \times log_{10}\left( \frac{P_{in}}{P_{out}}  \right) = 10 \times log_{10}\left( \frac{ \frac{U^2_{in}}{R_{in}}  }{  \frac{U^2_{out}}{R_{out}}  } \right) =\\
-=10 \times log_{10} \left( \left( \frac{U_{in}}{U_{out}} \right)^2 \times \frac{R_{out}}{R_{in}} \right) = 20 \times log_{10} \left( \frac{U_{in}}{U_{out}} \right) + 10 \times log_{10} \left( \frac{R_{out}}{R_{in}} \right)
+Power~attenuation = 10 \cdot log_{10}\left( \frac{P_{in}}{P_{out}}  \right) = 10 \cdot log_{10}\left( \frac{ \frac{U^2_{in}}{R_{in}}  }{  \frac{U^2_{out}}{R_{out}}  } \right) =\\
+=10 \cdot log_{10} \left( \left( \frac{U_{in}}{U_{out}} \right)^2 \cdot \frac{R_{out}}{R_{in}} \right) = 20 \cdot log_{10} \left( \frac{U_{in}}{U_{out}} \right) + 10 \cdot log_{10} \left( \frac{R_{out}}{R_{in}} \right)
 \end{split}
 \end{equation}
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The book \emph{The circuit designer's companion} doesn't seem to be as widely us
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \section{The work in a wider context}
-Test equipment and methodologies can be a very sensitive topic. When a company wants to put a product on the market, they will need to bring their product to a test lab to conduct these tests according to the relevant standards. If the test procedure is wrong, or leaves too much space for interpretations, it could lead to a product failing the test even though it should have passed if the test was made in another lab. Or even worse, an unsafe product might be put on the market due to being falsely passed in the tests. There is always a chance for errors, but using well designed automated systems for testing and verification mitigates the human errors which are the most unpredictable.
+Test equipment and methodologies can be a very sensitive topic. When a company wants to put a product on the market, they will need to bring their product to a test lab to conduct these tests according to the relevant standards. If the test procedure is wrong, or leaves too much space for interpretations, it could lead to a product failing the test even though it should have passed if the test was made in another lab. Or even worse, an unsafe product might be put on the market due to being falsely passed in the tests. There is always a risk of errors, but using well designed automated systems for testing and verification mitigates the risk of human errors which are the most unpredictable.
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%% lorem.tex ends here

rapport/method.tex

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ The relays were chosen based on high breakdown voltage between open contacts.
 \subsection{Attenuators}
 The target attenuation was decided to mimic the commercial attenuators, introduced in \autoref{sec:hv-attenuators}, where the \SI{50}{\ohm} attenuator has an attenuation of \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} and the \SI{1000}{\ohm} attenuator has an attenuation of \SI{60.1}{\deci\bel}.
 
-The two attenuators were implemented as $\Pi$-attenuators. The resistor values for the attenuators were retrieved from an online calculator\footnote{$\Pi$ attenuator calculator \url{https://chemandy.com/calculators/matching-pi-attenuator-calculator.htm}}, and then simulated in LTSpice to verify the resulting properties.
+The two attenuators were implemented as $\Pi$-attenuators. The resistor values for the attenuators were retrieved from an online calculator\footnote{$\Pi$\nd{}attenuator calculator \url{https://chemandy.com/calculators/matching-pi-attenuator-calculator.htm}}, and then simulated in LTSpice to verify the resulting properties.
 
 By dividing the attenuators into two $\Pi$-networks, the series resistance required is lower compared to realizing them in a single $\Pi$-network. This is desirable because the parasitic capacitance, which is dependent of the resistor package and not the resistance value, will influence a high value resistor more at lower frequencies than it would on a low value resistor, as explained in \autoref{sec:theory:resistors_at_high_frequencies}.
 
@@ -291,16 +291,7 @@ Since the relay card will be used for measuring pulses with short rise times, it
 
 To measure the magnitude response, an $S_{21}$ measurement was performed using the ZVL network analyzer. A fixture was made to mimic the front panel of the CNA~200 to allow for a representative connection of the relay card. The setup can be seen in \autoref{fig:network_analyzing}. This setup proved to be unstable at first, as moving the coaxial wires and the grounding wire greatly affected the results for the higher frequencies. Because of the unstable results early in the measuring process, a modification was made to shorten the ground connection by attaching a braid as close to the attenuator grounds as possible and then grounding it directly to the fixture case, as depicted in \autoref{fig:ground_braid}. All subsequent measurements were performed with this modification.
 
-The signal was measured for each output terminal through each of the attenuators to get the magnitude response for the intended use, \autoref{fig:relay_box_other_open} shows this for the + terminal. To see how well the design suppresses unconnected signals, the magnitude response was also measured when the signal was disconnected completely, i.e. all the relays in the fixture were opened as depicted in \autoref{fig:relay_box_all_open}. In addition to this, the magnitude response was also measured with all but the relays on the current terminal closed, seen in \autoref{fig:relay_box_other_closed}, to see if there was any overhearing on the circuit board from the other terminals and the traces after the relays. The results were saved both as an image and as raw data in the form of complex numbers in a CSV\nd{}file to allow for further analysis and plotting.
-
-A single relay was also measured using the network analyzer to get a perception of its high frequency properties. The setup was made by soldering coaxial cable directly to the relay, with as short connecting wires as possible to prevent any influence on the result from the wires. The setup can be seen in \autoref{fig:relay-setup}.
-
-To measure the test pulses through the attenuators, the switching fixture was connected to the CNA~200 and the pulses were measured on the intended connectors using an oscilloscope, as seen in \autoref{fig:relay_card_measurement_time}. The results were saved both as an image and as data points in a CSV\nd{}file, for further analysis.
-
-For comparison, the commercial attenuators were also measured in frequency domain with the ZVL and in time domain using the oscilloscope.
-
-
-\begin{figure}[H]
+\begin{figure}
 	\centering
 	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.48\textwidth}
 	    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{network_analyzing}
@@ -312,7 +303,15 @@ For comparison, the commercial attenuators were also measured in frequency domai
 	    \caption{The modified grounding path.}
 	    \label{fig:ground_braid}
 	\end{subfigure}
+	\caption{The test setups for frequency measurements of the attenuators.}
+   	\label{fig:dummy-load-pcb-freq}
+\end{figure}
 
+The signal was measured for each output terminal through each of the attenuators to get the magnitude response for the intended use, \autoref{fig:relay_box_other_open} shows this for the + terminal. To see how well the design suppresses unconnected signals, the magnitude response was also measured when the signal was disconnected completely, i.e. all the relays in the fixture were opened as depicted in \autoref{fig:relay_box_all_open}. In addition to this, the magnitude response was also measured with all but the relays on the current terminal closed, seen in \autoref{fig:relay_box_other_closed}, to see if there was any overhearing on the circuit board from the other terminals and the traces after the relays. The results were saved both as an image and as raw data in the form of complex numbers in a CSV\nd{}file to allow for further analysis and plotting.
+
+
+\begin{figure}
+	\centering
 	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{relay_measurement}
 		\caption{The relay measured with coaxial wires.}
@@ -324,9 +323,15 @@ For comparison, the commercial attenuators were also measured in frequency domai
 		\label{fig:relay_card_measurement_time}
 	\end{subfigure}
 	\caption{The test setups for frequency and time measurements of the attenuators.}
-   	\label{fig:dummy-load-pcb}
+   	\label{fig:dummy-load-pcb-time}
 \end{figure}
 
+A single relay was also measured using the network analyzer to get a perception of its high frequency properties. The setup was made by soldering coaxial cable directly to the relay, with as short connecting wires as possible to prevent any influence on the result from the wires. The setup can be seen in \autoref{fig:relay-setup}.
+
+To measure the test pulses through the attenuators, the switching fixture was connected to the CNA~200 and the pulses were measured on the intended connectors using an oscilloscope, as seen in \autoref{fig:relay_card_measurement_time}. The results were saved both as an image and as data points in a CSV\nd{}file, for further analysis.
+
+For comparison, the commercial attenuators were also measured in frequency domain with the ZVL and in time domain using the oscilloscope.
+
 
 \begin{figure}
 	\centering

rapport/results.tex

@@ -50,9 +50,7 @@ Only the properties that were found to differ are mentioned in the results.
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Supply voltages}
-The specification of the DC supply voltage for the DUT differs in some case between the older and the newer versions of the standard. There are two different supply voltage definitions. $U_A$ represents a system where the generator is in operation and $U_B$ represents the system without the generator in operation. These have different values for \SI{12}{\volt} and \SI{24}{\volt} systems. $U_B$ is only relevant for Load dump Test A and is thus not defined in ISO~7637 anymore.
-
-\autoref{tab:supplyVoltageDiff} presents the supply voltage specifications from the different standards. The supply voltages are provided by an external PSU and will thus not be dependent on the test equipment.
+The specification of the DC supply voltage for the DUT, $U_A$ in \autoref{fig:doubleexp}, differs in some case between the older and the newer versions of the standard. These have different values for \SI{12}{\volt} and \SI{24}{\volt} systems. \autoref{tab:supplyVoltageDiff} presents the supply voltage specifications from the different standards. The supply voltages are provided by an external PSU and will thus not be dependent on the test equipment.
 
 \begin{table}[H]
     \caption{Comparison of the different supply voltage specifications.}
@@ -69,11 +67,6 @@ The specification of the DC supply voltage for the DUT differs in some case betw
        ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{12}{13}{\volt}    & \SIrange{24}{28}{\volt}  \\
        ISO 16750-1:2018 &  \SIrange{13.8}{14.2}{\volt}    & \SIrange{27.8}{28.2}{\volt}   \\
        \hline
-       \multicolumn{1}{|c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$U_B$}    \\
-       \hline
-       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{12.3}{12.7}{\volt}    & \SIrange{23.6}{24.4}{\volt}  \\
-       ISO 16750-1:2018 &  \SIrange{12.3}{12.7}{\volt}    & \SIrange{23.8}{24.2}{\volt}   \\
-       \hline
     \end{tabular}
 \end{adjustbox}
     \label{tab:supplyVoltageDiff}
@@ -81,7 +74,7 @@ The specification of the DC supply voltage for the DUT differs in some case betw
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Surge voltages}
-Several of the surge voltages has a wider specified range, as can be seen in \autoref{tab:UADiff}. Notice how the old pulse 5a and the new load dump A have different specifications for $U_S$, but they describe the same pulse because of the different definition of $U_S$ in ISO~7637\nd2 and ISO~16750\nd2.
+Several of the surge voltages has a wider specified range, as can be seen in \autoref{tab:UADiff}. Notice how the old pulse 5a and the new load dump A have different specifications for $U_S$, but they describe the same pulse because of the different definition of $U_S$ in ISO~7637\nd2 and ISO~16750\nd2 as described in \autoref{sec:theory-load-dump-test-a}.
 
 \begin{table}[H]
     \caption{Comparison of the different surge voltage specifications.}
@@ -116,7 +109,7 @@ Several of the surge voltages has a wider specified range, as can be seen in \au
        \hline
        ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{65}{87}{\volt}    & \SIrange{123}{174}{\volt}  \\
        ISO 16750-2:2012 & \SIrange{79}{101}{\volt}    & \SIrange{151}{202}{\volt}   \\
-       ISO 16750-2:2012 \tablefootnote{Recalculated values to fit the same $U_S$ definitions as the older standard. $U_{S_{7637}} = U_{S_{16750}}-U_{N_{16750}}$} & \SIrange{65}{87}{\volt}    & \SIrange{123}{174}{\volt}   \\
+       ISO 16750-2:2012\tablefootnote{Recalculated values to fit the same $U_S$ definitions as the older standard. $U_{S_{7637}} = U_{S_{16750}}-U_{N_{16750}}$} & \SIrange{65}{87}{\volt}    & \SIrange{123}{174}{\volt}   \\
        \hline
     \end{tabular}
 \end{adjustbox}
@@ -183,7 +176,7 @@ At first, the test equipment itself needed some care before it was possible to o
 The result from the initial measurements are presented, along with the limits, in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements} without the CNA~200 connected and in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements_cna} with the CNA~200 connected.
 
 \begin{table}[h]
-    \caption{The initial manual measurements, measured directly at each generator's output.}
+    \caption{The initial manual measurements, measured directly at each generator's output. Values highlighted in red are not within its specification.}
 \begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
     %\centering
     \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
@@ -207,7 +200,7 @@ The result from the initial measurements are presented, along with the limits, i
 \end{table}
 
 \begin{table}[h]
-    \caption{The initial manual measurements on the equipment, including the CNA~200.}
+    \caption{The initial manual measurements on the equipment, including the CNA~200. Values highlighted in red are not within its specification.}
 \begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
     %\centering
     \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
@@ -279,7 +272,7 @@ The maximum energy transferred to the \SI{2}{\ohm}, however, is delivered by the
    	\label{fig:dummy2_energy}
 \end{figure}
 
-The LTO100 family\footnote{\url{https://www.vishay.com/docs/50051/lto100.pdf}} from Vishay was chosen because of its high power characteristics and because the maximum overload energy curve was specified in its datasheet. Whith the datasheet and simulation side by side, a worst ratio between the simulated energy and the energy specified in the datasheet was determined. The worst case found for the different pulses and dummy loads can be found in \autoref{tab:dummy_load_energies}.
+The LTO100 resistor series\footnote{\url{https://www.vishay.com/docs/50051/lto100.pdf}} from Vishay was chosen because of its high power characteristics and because the maximum overload energy curve was specified in its datasheet. Whith the datasheet and simulation side by side, a worst ratio between the simulated energy and the energy specified in the datasheet was determined. The worst case found for the different pulses and dummy loads can be found in \autoref{tab:dummy_load_energies}.
 
 \begin{table}[h]
     \caption{The worst case ratio between the simulation energies and the datasheet specification. The ratio equals the minimum number of resistors needed to share the energy.}
@@ -311,7 +304,7 @@ When the least number of resistors required had been determined, some different
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{PCB}
 
-Because of the high voltages present on the board, a minumum creepage of 3mm was used. This is in line with the \mbox{EN 60664-1} standard \cite{en_60664_1}. The board was perforated to allow for better air flow past the resistors, improving the cooling. The mounting holes for the card was placed in a \SI[product-units=single]{105 x 105}{\milli\meter} square, allowing a \SI{120}{\milli\meter} fan to be mounted on top of the card using mounting hardware.
+Because of the high voltages present on the board, a minimum creepage of \SI{3}{\milli\meter} was used. This is in line with the \mbox{EN 60664-1} standard \cite{en_60664_1}. The board was perforated to allow for better air flow past the resistors, improving the cooling. The mounting holes for the card was placed in a \SI[product-units=single]{105 x 105}{\milli\meter} square, allowing a \SI{120}{\milli\meter} fan to be mounted on top of the card using mounting hardware.
 
 A two layer board was chosen, and all of the traces were mirrored on both layers to get as much conductive cross sectional area as possible, and thus lowering the resistance and power dissipation in the traces. The default copper thickness from the manufacturer\footnote{Cogra Pro AB \url{ https://www.cogra.se/produkter/monsterkort/}},  was \SI{18}{\micro\meter}, but this PCB was ordered with \SI{60}{\micro\meter} thick copper layer to further extend the cross sectional areas. The width of the traces for the \SI{2}{\ohm} load was chosen as wide as possible without violating the \SI{3}{\milli\meter} creepage distance.
 
@@ -345,7 +338,7 @@ When the PCB was delivered, it was visually inspected before assembling. The com
 	    \caption{Bottom.}
 	    \label{fig:dummy-load-bottom}
 	\end{subfigure}
-	\caption{The plating in the ventilation holes was removed by hand using a drill.}
+	\caption{The plating in the ventilation holes was removed by hand using a drill to increase the creepage distance between the resistor terminals. All holes without annular ring are ventilation holes.}
    	\label{fig:dummy-load-pcb}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -386,34 +379,36 @@ The Panasonic's LF-G relays were chosen as switching elements as they have a hig
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Attenuators}
 \label{sec:result-attenuators}
-The \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into two \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator links. The values obtained from the online calculator was \SI{54.48}{\ohm} as the parallel resistors and \SI{581.62}{\ohm} as the series resistor. Then the closest values for the resistors was chosen to \SI{54.67}{\ohm} as parallel resistors and \SI{560}{\ohm} as series resistors. The final attenuation was \SI{53.76}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator}. The design was realized as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-comp}, based on the maximum voltages and powers. Capacitors were placed in the schematic to allow for phase compensation.
+The \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into two \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$\nd{}attenuator links. The values obtained from the online calculator was \SI{54.48}{\ohm} as the parallel resistors and \SI{581.62}{\ohm} as the series resistor. Then the closest values for the resistors was chosen to \SI{54.67}{\ohm} as parallel resistors and \SI{560}{\ohm} as series resistors. The final attenuation was \SI{53.76}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator}. The design was realized as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-comp}, based on the maximum voltages and powers. Capacitors were placed in the schematic to allow for phase compensation.
 
 Since the uncompensated circuit had its \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit at only \SI{190}{\mega\hertz}, as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq}, the circuit had to be compensated. The results after the compensation can be seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq-comp} where the new \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit is instead at \SI{1.7}{\giga\hertz}. The values used for compensating the circuit was \SI{130}{\pico\farad} for the first parallel resistance and \SI{10}{\pico\farad} for the second parallel link as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-comp}.
 
 \begin{figure}[h]
-	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
+	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.8\textwidth}
 		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
 		\centering
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-54db-attenuator}
 		\caption{The ideal circuit simulated.}
 		\label{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator}
-	\end{subfigure}\hfill
-	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
-		\centering
-		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq}
-		\caption{Frequency responce of the circuit with parasitics without compensation.}
-		\label{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq}
 	\end{subfigure}
 	
-	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
+	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.8\textwidth}
 		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
 		\centering
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-54db-attenuator-comp}
 		\caption{Chosen topology simulated with parasitics and compensation capacitors. The components with designator X are the non-ideal resistors depicted in \autoref{fig:nonIdealResistor}}
 		\label{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-comp}
-	\end{subfigure}\hfill
-	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
+	\end{subfigure}
+	
+	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.8\textwidth}
+		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
+		\centering
+		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq}
+		\caption{Frequency responce of the circuit with parasitics without compensation.}
+		\label{fig:ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq}
+	\end{subfigure}
+	
+	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.8\textwidth}
 		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
 		\centering
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-54db-attenuator-freq-comp}
@@ -426,7 +421,7 @@ Since the uncompensated circuit had its \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit at only \SI{190}
 \end{figure}
 
 
-The \SI{60.1}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into one \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator link, the same as used in the \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator, preceded by a \SI{32.75}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ link with \SI{1000}{\ohm} in-impedance. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as parallel resistors and \SI{56}{\ohm} as series resistor, the final attenuation was \SI{60.33}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator}. The attenuator was then realized as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-comp}, based on the maximum voltages and powers.
+The \SI{60.1}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into one \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$\nd{}attenuator link, the same as used in the \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator, preceded by a \SI{32.75}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ link with \SI{1000}{\ohm} in-impedance. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as parallel resistors and \SI{56}{\ohm} as series resistor, the final attenuation was \SI{60.33}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator}. The attenuator was then realized as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-comp}, based on the maximum voltages and powers.
 
 Since the uncompensated circuit had its \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit at only \SI{130}{\mega\hertz}, as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq}, the circuit had to be compensated. The results after the compensation can be seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq-comp} where the new \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit is instead at \SI{2.2}{\giga\hertz}. The values used for compensating the circuit was \SI{40}{\pico\farad} for the first parallel resistance and \SI{30}{\pico\farad} for the second parallel link as seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-comp}.
 
@@ -437,13 +432,6 @@ Since the uncompensated circuit had its \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit at only \SI{130}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-60db-attenuator}
 		\caption{The ideal circuit simulated.}
 		\label{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator}
-	\end{subfigure}\hfill
-	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
-		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
-		\centering
-		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq}
-		\caption{Frequency responce of the circuit with parasitics without compensation.}
-		\label{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq}
 	\end{subfigure}
 	
 	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
@@ -452,7 +440,16 @@ Since the uncompensated circuit had its \SI{3}{\deci\bel} limit at only \SI{130}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-60db-attenuator-comp}
 		\caption{Chosen topology simulated with parasitics and compensation capacitors. The components with designator X are the non-ideal resistors depicted in \autoref{fig:nonIdealResistor}}
 		\label{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-comp}
-	\end{subfigure}\hfill
+	\end{subfigure}
+	
+	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
+		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
+		\centering
+		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq}
+		\caption{Frequency responce of the circuit with parasitics without compensation.}
+		\label{fig:ltspice-60db-attenuator-freq}
+	\end{subfigure}
+
 	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
 		\captionsetup{width=\linewidth}
 		\centering
@@ -554,7 +551,7 @@ The time measurements are shown in \autoref{fig:time-measurements}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{50_gooc}
 		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other closed}
 	\end{subfigure}
-	\caption{The S21 measurements for the \SI{50}{\ohm} attenuators. No compensation capacitors have been used.}
+	\caption{The $S_{21}$ measurements for the \SI{50}{\ohm} attenuators. No compensation capacitors have been used.}
 	\label{fig:50-s21}
 	
 \end{figure}
@@ -599,7 +596,7 @@ The time measurements are shown in \autoref{fig:time-measurements}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_gooc}
 		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other closed}
 	\end{subfigure}
-	\caption{The S21 measurements for the \SI{1}{\kilo\ohm} attenuators. No compensation capacitors have been used.}
+	\caption{The $S_{21}$ measurements for the \SI{1}{\kilo\ohm} attenuators. No compensation capacitors have been used.}
 	\label{fig:1k-s21}
 	
 \end{figure}
@@ -621,7 +618,7 @@ The time measurements are shown in \autoref{fig:time-measurements}
 		\caption{The relay's magnitude response.}
 		\label{fig:relay-result}
 	\end{subfigure}
-	\caption{The S21 measurements on the commercial attenuators and the solo relay.}
+	\caption{The $S_{21}$ measurements on the commercial attenuators and the solo relay.}
 	
 \end{figure}
 

rapport/theory.tex

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The ISO~16750, \emph{Road vehicles -- Environmental conditions and testing for e
 
 All test pulses defined in ISO~7637 and ISO~16750 are supposed to simulate events that can occur in a real vehicle's electrical environment, that equipment must be able to withstand. The properties of these test pulses are well defined, to allow for unified testing regardless of which test lab that performs the test. In the real world, however, the disturbances might of course differ from the test pulses since a real case environment is not controlled. \cite{iso_7637_2,iso_16750_2, comparison_iso_7637_real_world}
 
-The test pulses of interest defined in ISO~7637 are denoted \emph{test pulse 1}, \emph{test pulse 2a}, \emph{test pulse 3a} and \emph{test pulse 3b}. The test pulse of interest defined in ISO~16750 is denoted \emph{load dump test A}. There are more pulses and tests defined in these standards, but those are not in the scope of this project.
+The test pulses of interest defined in ISO~7637 are denoted \emph{pulse 1}, \emph{pulse 2a}, \emph{pulse 3a} and \emph{pulse 3b}. The test pulse of interest defined in ISO~16750 is denoted \emph{load dump test A}. There are more pulses and tests defined in these standards, but those are not in the scope of this project.
 
 The general characteristics in common for all pulses are the DC voltage $U_A$, the surge voltage $U_s$, the rise time $t_r$, the pulse duration $t_d$ and the internal resistance $R_i$. The property \emph{internal resistance} is only in series with the generated pulse, not in series with the DC power source. For pulses that are supposed to be applied several times, $t_1$ usually denotes the time between the start of two consecutive pulses. The timings are illustrated in  \autoref{fig:doubleexp}.
 
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ These pulses contain high frequency components, up to 100~MHz, and special care
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{Load dump Test A}
+\label{sec:theory-load-dump-test-a}
 The load dump test A simulates the event of disconnecting a battery that is charged by the vehicles alternator, the current that the alternator is driving will give rise to a long voltage transient.
 
 This pulse has the longest duration, $t_d$, of all the test pulses. It also has the lowest internal resistance. These properties makes it capable of transferring high energies into a low impedance DUT or dummy load.
@@ -401,13 +402,33 @@ The oscilloscope available for this project is a Tektronix TDS7104\footnote{\url
 \end{table}
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\subsection{xxxxx Isolated differential probe}
-\todo[Peta in kort beskrivning av prob och dess data]
+\subsection{Teseq MD 200A Isolated differential probe}
 \label{sec:hv-diff-probe}
+The Teseq MD 200A can be used to measure high voltage differential signals. It has only \SI{10}{\mega\hertz} bandwidth which makes it unusable for some of the quick pulses in this project. The probes are of \SI{4}{\milli\meter} safety banana type and can be connected directly to the pulse generator outputs.
+
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+    \caption{A selection of the specifications for the Teseq MD 200A}
+\begin{adjustbox}{center}
+    %\centering
+    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|} 
+        \hline
+        Attenuation ratio & $1$:$100$ and $1$:$1000$ \\
+        \hline
+        Bandwidth & \SI{10}{\mega\hertz} \\
+        \hline
+        Accuracy & $\pm$\SI{2}{\percent} \\
+        \hline
+        Max. input voltage differential and common mode & \SI{7000}{\volt} peak \\
+        \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+\end{adjustbox}
+    \label{tab:md200a}
+\end{table}
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \subsection{EM Test MPG 200 Micropulse generator}
-The MPG~200 is used to generate \emph{test pulse 1} and \emph{2a}. MPG is an abbreviation for \emph{MicroPulse Generator}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the parameters can be adjusted to comply with the new ISO~7637:1990 standard. The adjustable parameter ranges are shown in \autoref{tab:mpg200_specs}. The instrumentation panels can be seen in \autoref{fig:mpg200}. It can be controlled via a GPIB interface.
+The MPG~200 is used to generate \emph{test pulse 1} and \emph{2a}. MPG is an abbreviation for \emph{MicroPulse Generator}. The instrument is designed to generate test pulses according to the older ISO~7637-2:1990 version, but the adjustable parameters range cover those specified in the newer ISO~7637-2:2011 standard. The available settings are shown in \autoref{tab:mpg200_specs}. The instrumentation panels can be seen in \autoref{fig:mpg200}. It can be controlled via a GPIB interface.
 
 \begin{table}[H]
     \caption{Adjustable parameters in the MPG 200}
@@ -429,7 +450,7 @@ The MPG~200 is used to generate \emph{test pulse 1} and \emph{2a}. MPG is an abb
 \end{table}
 
 
-\begin{figure}
+\begin{figure}[H]
 	\centering
 	\begin{subfigure}{0.7\textwidth}
 		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mpg200-front}