exjobb/rapport/results.tex

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% !TeX root = main.tex
\chapter{Results}\label{cha:results}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Prestudy}
Since not much was known about the project at this time, it was difficult to find relevant papers on the topic of the standards.  Most of the literature was found during the project as new problems was found along the way.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Comparison between the old and the new standard}
The differences of importance between the old and new standards will be presented in this chapter to see what parameters might be a problem for the older equipment to fulfil.

One of the most notable differences is the removal of a test pulse from ISO~7637\nd2 that was called \emph{Pulse 5a}. This was instead introduced to the ISO~16750\nd2 under the name \emph{Load dump A}.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Supply voltages}
The specification of the DC supply voltage for the DUT differs in some case between the older and the newer versions of the standard. There are two different supply voltage definitions. $U_A$ represents a system where the generator is in operation and $U_B$ represents the system without the generator in operation. These have different values for \SI{12}{\volt} and \SI{24}{\volt} systems. $U_B$ is only relevant for Load dump Test A and is thus not defined in ISO~7637 anymore.

\autoref{tab:supplyVoltageDiff} presents the supply voltage specifications from the different standards. The supply voltages are provided by an external PSU and will thus not be dependent on the test equipment.

\begin{table}[H]
    \caption{Comparison of the different supply voltage specifications.}
\begin{adjustbox}{width=0.8\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|} 
       \hline
        & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Supply voltage} \\
       Standard & $U_N=$\SI{12}{\volt} & $U_N=$\SI{24}{\volt} \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{1}{|c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$U_A$}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{13}{14}{\volt}    & \SIrange{26}{28}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{12}{13}{\volt}    & \SIrange{24}{28}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 16750-1:2018 &  \SIrange{13.8}{14.2}{\volt}    & \SIrange{27.8}{28.2}{\volt}   \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{1}{|c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$U_B$}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{12.3}{12.7}{\volt}    & \SIrange{23.6}{24.4}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 16750-1:2018 &  \SIrange{12.3}{12.7}{\volt}    & \SIrange{23.8}{24.2}{\volt}   \\
       \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:supplyVoltageDiff}
\end{table}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Surge voltages}

The surge voltages differs\todo[skriv klart!]

Several of the surge voltage ranges has a wider 

\begin{table}[H]
    \caption{Comparison of the different surge voltage specifications.}
\begin{adjustbox}{width=0.8\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|} 
       \hline
        & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{$U_S$}    \\
       Standard & $U_N=$\SI{12}{\volt}  &  $U_N=$\SI{24}{\volt}    \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Pulse 1}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{-75}{-100}{\volt}    & \SIrange{-450}{-600}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{-75}{-150}{\volt}    & \SIrange{-300}{-600}{\volt}  \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Pulse 2a}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{37}{50}{\volt}    & \SIrange{37}{50}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{37}{112}{\volt}   & \SIrange{37}{112}{\volt}  \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Pulse 3a}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{-112}{-150}{\volt}    & \SIrange{-150}{-200}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{-112}{-220}{\volt}    & \SIrange{-150}{-300}{\volt}  \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Pulse 3b}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{75}{100}{\volt}    & \SIrange{150}{200}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{75}{150}{\volt}    & \SIrange{150}{300}{\volt}  \\
       \hline
       \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Pulse 5a/Load dump A}    \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{75}{150}{\volt}    & \SIrange{150}{300}{\volt}  \\
       ISO 16750-2:2012 & \SIrange{79}{101}{\volt}    & \SIrange{151}{202}{\volt}   \\
       \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:UADiff}
\end{table}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Time constraints}
Some of the allowed ranges on the pulses parameters has changed compared to the older version of the standard.

\todo[Gör snygga tabeller]

\textbf{Pulse 1}
Old, 12V: $U_S -75 -- -100$ V
Old, 24V: $U_S -450 -- -600$ V

New, 12V: $U_S -75 -- -150$ V
New, 24V: $U_S -300 -- -600$ V

\textbf{Pulse 2a}
Old: $U_S 37 -- 50$ V

New: $U_S 37 -- 112$ V

\textbf{Pulse 3a and Pulse 3b}
Old, 12V: $\lvert U_S \rvert 112 -- 150$ V
Old, 24V: $\lvert U_S \rvert 150 -- 200$ V

New, 12V: $\lvert U_S \rvert 112 -- 220$ V
New, 24V: $\lvert U_S \rvert 150 -- 300$ V

Old: $t_r 100 -- 200$ µs

New: $t_r 105 -- 195$ µs

\textbf{Load dump A}
No change, other that the definitions.



\begin{table}[H]
    \caption{Comparison of the different time constraints.}
\begin{adjustbox}{width=0.5\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|} 
       \hline
        & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{Timing} \\
       Standard & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{$t_d$} \\
       \hline
       ISO 7637-2:2004   & \SIrange{100}{200}{\micro\second} \\
       ISO 7637-2:2011   & \SIrange{105}{195}{\micro\second} \\
       \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:timingDiff}
\end{table}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Tolerances for verification}
\textbf{Pulse 1}

Old, 24V, matched: $U_S -300 \pm 30$ V

New, 24V, matched: $U_S -300 \pm 60$ V

\textbf{Pulse 2a}

Old, open: $U_S 50 \pm 5$ V, matched  $U_S 25 \pm 5$ V

New, open: $U_S 75 \pm 7.5$ V, matched  $U_S 35.5 \pm 7.5$ V

\textbf{Pulse 3a and Pulse 3b}

No change.

\textbf{Load dump A}

No change.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Summary of critical changes}

\hl{Fyll i de förändringar som gör sakerna striktare}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Examination and initial measurement of the old equipment}

\hl{Peta in här någonstans att det var lite krångel att få fart på utrustningen och att det behövdes en del felsökning?}

The result from the initial measurements are presented, along with the limits, in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements} without the CNA~200 connected and in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements_cna} with the CNA~200 connected.

\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{The initial manual measurements, measured directly at each generator's output.}
\begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
        \hline
         & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Limits} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Measured} \\
        Pulse & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) \\ [0.5ex]
        \hline
        Pulse 1, 12 V, Open     & $[ -110, -90 ]$   & $[1.6,2.4]$ \si{\milli}   & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $-99.0$   & $2.10$ \si{\milli}    & $540$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 1, 24 V, Open     & $[ -660, -540 ]$  & $[0.8,1.2]$ \si{\milli}   & $[1.5,3]$ \si{\micro}     & $-630$    & $1.18$ \si{\milli}    & $2.6$ \si{\micro} \\
        Pulse 2a, Open          & $[ 67.5, 82.5 ]$  & $[40,60]$ \si{\micro}     & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $76.0$    & $51.0$ \si{\micro}    & $750$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Open (1k)     & $[ -220, -180 ]$  & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-202$    & $163$ \si{\nano}      & $5.2$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Match         & $[ -120, -80 ]$   & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-104$    & $134$ \si{\nano}      & $5.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Open (1k)     & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $202$    & \cellcolor{red!60} $208$ \si{\nano}      & $5.1$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Match         & $[ 80, 120 ]$     & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $102$     & $166$ \si{\nano}      & $5.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Load dump A, 12 V, Open & $[ 90, 110 ]$     & $[320,480]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $93.4$    & $390$ \si{\milli}     & $5.8$ \si{\milli} \\
        Load dump A, 24 V, Open & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[280,420]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $190$     & $365$ \si{\milli}     & $5.2$ \si{\milli} \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:initial_measurements}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{The initial manual measurements on the equipment, including the CNA~200.}
\begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
        \hline
         & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Limits} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Measured} \\
        Pulse & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) \\ [0.5ex]
        \hline
        Pulse 1, 12 V, Open     & $[ -110, -90 ]$   & $[1.6,2.4]$ \si{\milli}   & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $-99.2$   & $2.00$ \si{\milli}    & \cellcolor{red!60} $450$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 1, 24 V, Open     & $[ -660, -540 ]$  & $[0.8,1.2]$ \si{\milli}   & $[1.5,3]$ \si{\micro}     & $-632$    & $1.18$ \si{\milli}    & $2.6$ \si{\micro} \\
        Pulse 2a, Open          & $[ 67.5, 82.5 ]$  & $[40,60]$ \si{\micro}     & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $76.0$    & $50.0$ \si{\micro}    & $770$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Open (1k)     & $[ -220, -180 ]$  & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-213$    & $163$ \si{\nano}      & $6.2$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Match         & $[ -120, -80 ]$   & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-93.2$   & $138$ \si{\nano}      & $6.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Open (1k)     & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & \cellcolor{red!60} $222$     & \cellcolor{red!60} $200$ \si{\nano}      & $6.3$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Match         & $[ 80, 120 ]$     & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $94.0$    & $171$ \si{\nano}      & $5.7$ \si{\nano} \\
        Load dump A, 12 V, Open & $[ 90, 110 ]$     & $[320,480]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $93.2$    & $394$ \si{\milli}     & $5.8$ \si{\milli} \\
        Load dump A, 24 V, Open & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[280,420]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $186$     & $400$ \si{\milli}     & $5.1$ \si{\milli} \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:initial_measurements_cna}
\end{table}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Test architecture}
\label{result-test-architecture}
The 3rd alternative was chosen because of the convenience of a fully automatic system and because of the electrical safety hazard that alternative 2 would pose due to its live measurement connectors.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Design of dummy loads}
\subsection{Components}
\todo[förklara komponentval]

\subsection{PCB}
\todo[Peta in bilder]

\subsection{Measurement results}
The resistance at the dummy loads are presented in \autoref{tab:four-wire-result}.

\begin{table}[h]
    \captionsetup{width=.6\linewidth}
    \caption{The measured resistance of the dummy loads, and the tolerance compared to the nominal values.}
%\begin{adjustbox}{width=0.6\columnwidth,center}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|} 
        \hline
        Nominal (\si{\ohm}) & Measured $R$ (\si{\ohm}) & Tolerance (\si{\percent}) \\
        \hline
        2   & $2.004$   & 0.2   \\
        10  & $9.973$   & 0.27  \\
        50  & $49.954$  & 0.09  \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
%\end{adjustbox}
    \label{tab:four-wire-result}
\end{table}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Design of the switching fixture and embedded attenuators}

 Vishay's CRCW-HP series fitted this description and were easily available.
 
 \subsection{Attenuators}
 
 The \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into two \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator links. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as shunt resistors and \SI{560}{\ohm} in series, the final attenuation was \SI{53.66}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-att-ideal-54}. The input and output resistance was 


The \SI{60.1}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into one \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator links \SI{32.75}{\deci\bel}. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as shunt resistors and \SI{56}{\ohm} in series, the final attenuation was \SI{53.66}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-att-ideal-54}. The input and output resistance was 
\autoref{discussion_attenuators}

\subsection{Measurements}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_p}
		\caption{Plus terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_pao}
		\caption{Plus terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_pooc}
		\caption{Plus terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}

	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_m}
		\caption{Minus terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_mao}
		\caption{Minus terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_mooc}
		\caption{Minus terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}

	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_g}
		\caption{Ground terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_gao}
		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_gooc}
		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}
	\caption{The S21 measurements for the attenuators}
	
\end{figure}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Analysis}
Nah

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