exjobb/rapport/results.tex

% !TeX root = main.tex
\chapter{Results}\label{cha:results}

\section{Prestudy}
Since not much was known about the project at this time, it was difficult to find relevant papers on the topic of the standards.  Most of the literature was found during the project as new problems was found along the way.


\section{Initial measurement of the old equipment}

The result from the initial measurements are presented, along with the limits, in \autoref{tab:initial_measurements} and \autoref{tab:initial_measurements_sna}.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
        \hline
         & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Limits} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Measured} \\
        Pulse & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) \\ [0.5ex]
        \hline
        Pulse 1, 12 V, Open     & $[ -110, -90 ]$   & $[1.6,2.4]$ \si{\milli}   & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $-99.0$   & $2.10$ \si{\milli}    & $540$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 1, 24 V, Open     & $[ -660, -540 ]$  & $[0.8,1.2]$ \si{\milli}   & $[1.5,3]$ \si{\micro}     & $-630$    & $1.18$ \si{\milli}    & $2.6$ \si{\micro} \\
        Pulse 2a, Open          & $[ 67.5, 82.5 ]$  & $[40,60]$ \si{\micro}     & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $76.0$    & $51.0$ \si{\micro}    & $750$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Open (1k)     & $[ -220, -180 ]$  & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-202$    & $163$ \si{\nano}      & $5.2$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Match         & $[ -120, -80 ]$   & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-104$    & $134$ \si{\nano}      & $5.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Open (1k)     & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $202$    & \cellcolor{red!60} $208$ \si{\nano}      & $5.1$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Match         & $[ 80, 120 ]$     & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $102$     & $166$ \si{\nano}      & $5.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Load dump A, 12 V, Open & $[ 90, 110 ]$     & $[320,480]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $93.4$    & $390$ \si{\milli}     & $5.8$ \si{\milli} \\
        Load dump A, 24 V, Open & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[280,420]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $190$     & $365$ \si{\milli}     & $5.2$ \si{\milli} \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \caption{The initial manual measurements, measured directly at each generator's output.}
    \label{tab:initial_measurements}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
    %\centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
        \hline
         & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Limits} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Measured} \\
        Pulse & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) & $U_S$ (\si{\volt}) & $t_d$ (\si{\second}) & $t_r$ (\si{\second}) \\ [0.5ex]
        \hline
        Pulse 1, 12 V, Open     & $[ -110, -90 ]$   & $[1.6,2.4]$ \si{\milli}   & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $-99.2$   & $2.00$ \si{\milli}    & \cellcolor{red!60} $450$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 1, 24 V, Open     & $[ -660, -540 ]$  & $[0.8,1.2]$ \si{\milli}   & $[1.5,3]$ \si{\micro}     & $-632$    & $1.18$ \si{\milli}    & $2.6$ \si{\micro} \\
        Pulse 2a, Open          & $[ 67.5, 82.5 ]$  & $[40,60]$ \si{\micro}     & $[0.5,1]$ \si{\micro}     & $76.0$    & $50.0$ \si{\micro}    & $770$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Open (1k)     & $[ -220, -180 ]$  & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-213$    & $163$ \si{\nano}      & $6.2$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3a, Match         & $[ -120, -80 ]$   & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $-93.2$   & $138$ \si{\nano}      & $6.0$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Open (1k)     & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & \cellcolor{red!60} $222$     & \cellcolor{red!60} $200$ \si{\nano}      & $6.3$ \si{\nano} \\
        Pulse 3b, Match         & $[ 80, 120 ]$     & $[105,195]$ \si{\nano}    & $[3.5,6.5]$ \si{\nano}    & $94.0$    & $171$ \si{\nano}      & $5.7$ \si{\nano} \\
        Load dump A, 12 V, Open & $[ 90, 110 ]$     & $[320,480]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $93.2$    & $394$ \si{\milli}     & $5.8$ \si{\milli} \\
        Load dump A, 24 V, Open & $[ 180, 220 ]$    & $[280,420]$ \si{\milli}   & $[5,10]$ \si{\milli}      & $186$     & $400$ \si{\milli}     & $5.1$ \si{\milli} \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
    \caption{The initial manual measurements on the equipment, including the CNA~200.}
    \label{tab:initial_measurements_cna}
\end{table}

\section{Test architecture}
\label{result-test-architecture}
The 3rd alternative was chosen because of the convenience of a fully automatic system and because of the electrical safety that alternative 2 would pose.

\section{Design of dummy loads}
The values measured on the dummy loads are presented in \autoref{tab:four-wire-result}.

\begin{table}[h]
%\begin{adjustbox}{width=\columnwidth,center}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|} 
        \hline
        Dummy load (\si{\ohm}) & Measured $R$ (\si{\ohm}) & Tolerance (\si{\percent}) \\
        \hline
        2   & $2.004$   & 0.2   \\
        10  & $9.973$   & 0.27  \\
        50  & $49.954$  & 0.09  \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
%\end{adjustbox}
    \caption{The measured resistance of the dummy loads.}
    \label{tab:four-wire-result}
\end{table}

\section{Design of the switching fixture and embedded attenuators}


 Vishay's CRCW-HP series fitted this description and were easily available.
 
 The \SI{54.7}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into two \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator links. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as shunt resistors and \SI{56}{\ohm} in series, the final attenuation was \SI{53.66}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-att-ideal-54}. The input and output resistance was 

Nice graphs.

The \SI{60.1}{\deci\bel} attenuator was divided into one \SI{27.35}{\deci\bel} $\Pi$ attenuator links \SI{32.75}{\deci\bel}. When the closest values for the resistors had been chosen, using \SI{56}{\ohm} as shunt resistors and \SI{56}{\ohm} in series, the final attenuation was \SI{53.66}{\deci\bel} for the two links according to the simulation, seen in \autoref{fig:ltspice-att-ideal-54}. The input and output resistance was 
\autoref{discussion_attenuators}


\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_p}
		\caption{Plus terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_pao}
		\caption{Plus terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_pooc}
		\caption{Plus terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}

	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_m}
		\caption{Minus terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_mao}
		\caption{Minus terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_mooc}
		\caption{Minus terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}

	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_g}
		\caption{Ground terminal closed, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_gao}
		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other open}
	\end{subfigure}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1k_gooc}
		\caption{Ground terminal open, all other closed}
	\end{subfigure}
	
	\caption{The measurements made on the attenuators}
\end{figure}

\section{Analysis}